The Works of Philo of Alexandria, “Flaccus” (In Flaccum)
A Series of Articles Summarising the Tractates of Philo of Alexandria
Introduction
Philo of Alexandria’s “Flaccus” (In Flaccum) is a historical and political treatise focusing on the events surrounding the rule of Aulus Avilius Flaccus, the Roman prefect of Egypt, particularly his actions leading up to and during a severe outbreak of anti-Semitic violence in Alexandria around 38–41 AD.
This work is not only a narrative of the events but also serves as a critical examination of the abuse of power, the dangers of populism, and the plight of the Jewish community under Roman governance.
This article is one of a series on the works of Philo of Alexandria, all of which are listed in the below Medium.com list:
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Overview and Structure
“In Flaccum” is structured as a chronological account, beginning with Flaccus’s initially impartial administration, through his gradual shift towards hostility against the Jewish population, and culminating in his eventual arrest and disgrace. Philo uses this narrative to highlight broader themes of justice, governance, and ethnic tension.
Themes and Content
Character and Governance of Flaccus
Philo initially describes Flaccus as a just governor who maintained peace and order. However, as political pressures and personal ambitions grew, Flaccus began to forsake his earlier principles, aligning himself with populist anti-Jewish factions in Alexandria. Philo critically examines how Flaccus’s change in policy contributed to his moral and administrative downfall.
Outbreak of Violence
The core of the narrative details a brutal crackdown on the Jewish community orchestrated by Flaccus. Philo vividly describes how the Jews of Alexandria were rounded up, confined to a ghetto, and subjected to public violence and humiliation. This crackdown is presented not just as a failure of Flaccus’s leadership but as a moral failing, reflective of broader societal prejudices and the volatility of mob rule.
Legal and Social Contexts
Philo provides insights into the legal status of the Jewish community in Alexandria, discussing their rights as citizens and how Flaccus’s decrees systematically undermined these. The treatise serves as a legal and moral appeal to Roman authorities, emphasizing the injustice suffered by the Jews under Flaccus.
Philo’s Appeals to Roman Values
Throughout “In Flaccum,” Philo appeals to universal values of justice and the rule of law, which he argues are foundational to Roman governance. By highlighting the breach of these values, Philo not only criticizes Flaccus but also calls into question the responsibilities of higher Roman authorities in preventing such abuses.
Arrest and Trial of Flaccus
The treatise concludes with the arrest of Flaccus after the intervention of Roman Emperor Caligula. Philo uses this ending to underscore the notion that justice, though sometimes delayed, is inevitable. Flaccus’s fall is portrayed as a direct consequence of his moral and administrative failures.
Philosophical Reflections
Interspersed with the historical narrative are Philo’s reflections on the nature of power, the responsibilities of leaders, and the dangers of yielding to baser instincts such as greed and hatred. He philosophizes on the role of providence and divine justice in human affairs, suggesting that Flaccus’s downfall was divinely ordained.
Conclusion
“In Flaccum” is a compelling blend of historical account, moral exhortation, and political critique.
Through this work, Philo not only documents a tragic chapter in the history of the Alexandrian Jews but also offers a broader commentary on the nature of justice, leadership, and communal harmony.
This treatise is a poignant reminder of the vulnerabilities of minority communities in any society, especially when those in power undermine legal protections.
Philo’s work remains relevant as both a historical document and a timeless appeal for justice and ethical governance.
